By Uduma Kalu
English is dead! Long live English. That's tautology, isn't it? But that is the fact of life- living and dying and living again and dying again and living again and ad infinitum. Such is life - cyclical, impermanent. Like ogbanje, the mythical child born to die and born again. Always in transit dancing the nje dance, like life itself.
Such is the situation facing English departments and English graduates today. Death. Our dear English departments world over are faced with imminent danger of death. And for those of us that are in love with English, we must arm ourselves like surgeons and perform a life saving surgery on not just the departments but their graduates to be relevant this 21st century.
For starters, why is English department assumed as dumping ground for those that failed law and Mass Communication university entry exams in Nigeria? Why are many Nigerian English graduates leaving the degree they spent four years or more to acquire for something else, say medical sciences, Mass Communication, law, etc? English teaching job is even becoming too competitive for English graduates.
Yes, studying English can be beneficial for students pursuing law, medical sciences, journalism and other professions. Here's why:
- *Critical thinking and analysis*: English literature and language studies help develop critical thinking, analysis, and interpretation skills, which are essential for law, medical sciences etc.
- *Communication skills*: English graduates learn to express complex ideas clearly and effectively, a valuable skill in law and medicine.
- *Research skills*: English students develop research skills, including finding, evaluating, and synthesizing information, useful in law, medical research, etc.
- *Attention to detail*: Studying English literature and language requires attention to detail, a crucial skill in many professions, including law and medicine.
In law, English skills are particularly important for: *Legal writing and drafting*: Lawyers need to write clearly and precisely. - *Case analysis*: Understanding and analyzing complex legal texts requires strong reading and analytical skills. In medical sciences, English skills are vital for:- *Medical writing and communication*: Healthcare professionals must communicate effectively with patients, colleagues, and in medical literature.- *Research and publication*: Medical researchers need to write and publish their findings clearly and accurately.
Thus, the skills gained through studying English can provide a strong foundation for careers in law, medical sciences etc.
In spite of all these, the stats announcing the imminent death of the department are here. Yet, English cannot die. What do I mean? I mean if English department must continue to mean in the future in Nigeria and elsewhere, it must be reborn.
Because stats facing English departments across the world today show that present curriculum of English departments, especially , in Nigeria, is obsolete, requiring a surgical solution.
In Nigeria, reports say English departments in the universities face several challenges impacting the quality of education and research. Some of the key problems include:
- *Inadequate Resources and Facilities*: Limited access to technology, learning materials, and infrastructure hinders effective learning and teaching.
- *Lack of Qualified Teaching Staff*: Shortage of experienced and qualified teachers, particularly in rural areas, affects the quality of education delivery.
- *Outdated Curriculum and Teaching Methods*: The curriculum often excludes influential subject areas like Science , Technology, Entrepreneurship and Mathematics STEM and lacks valuation for entrepreneurship and high-tech skills, leaving students unprepared for the workforce.
- *Insufficient Funding*: Limited funding for education leads to poor facilities, inefficient teaching equipment, and low teacher remuneration, ultimately affecting the quality of education.
- *Poor Infrastructure and Overcrowding*: Many schools lack essential facilities like classrooms, bathrooms, and libraries, creating an environment that compromises effective learning.
- *Insecurity and Access Issues*: Insecurity in some areas and limited access to education, particularly for girls and those in rural or conflict-torn areas, hinder the growth of English language studies.
- *Brain Drain*: Highly skilled professionals in the education sector often relocate to countries with better infrastructure, pay, and working conditions, exacerbating the shortage of qualified teachers.
- *Corruption*: Corruption in the education system, including examination malpractices and unfair admissions, undermines the integrity of English language studies.
These challenges collectively impact the quality of English language education in Nigeria, making it difficult for our graduates to compete globally and for the country to achieve its development goals.
Now, what about Australia, Canada, Europe and America? Reports have it that universities there are either shutting down or deemphasizing their English departments.
In the United Kingdom, University of Plymouth: announced drastic cuts, including English language teaching. University of Lincoln is closing language department, including English. In the University of Gloucestershire, there is significant restructure, reducing academic schools and staff numbers. Edge Hill University is cutting £10 million, with potential job losses University of Kent is cutting courses, including English literature and modern languages. Kingston University is closing philosophy centre, English literature, and modern languages courses. University of the West of England: Bristol Old Vic Theatre School is closing undergrad degree programmes. University of Bournemouth is topping recruitment for BA in English and politics. In Australia, University of Wollongong is targeting 137 academics, mostly from humanities.
In the US, universities have been experiencing funding cuts and freezes, affecting various departments, including English and creative writing.
Harvard University faced a $2.6 billion freeze in federal research funding, which was later ruled unlawful by a federal court.
Johns Hopkins University experienced $800 million in cuts from the US Agency for International Development. Northwestern University had $790 million frozen. Princeton University lost $210 million in federal grants.
Reasons for these cuts are that many universities are facing financial difficulties, leading to cuts in departments and staff.
Some humanities subjects, including English literature, have seen a decline in student numbers, making them less viable.
Changes in government funding and policies have impacted universities, leading to financial struggles.
In the US, reasons given for funding cuts say the Trump administration has implemented freezes on federal grants, affecting research funding and graduate student support.
Some universities are also reallocating funds to prioritize STEM programmes and other fields deemed more "practical".
Universities face budget cuts due to low post-pandemic enrollment numbers and looming enrollment cliffs.
As a result, some universities are cutting English programs or reducing faculty positions due to budget constraints. Federal funding cuts affect research projects and grants, potentially impacting English departments' research initiatives.
In Canada , recent budget cuts have impacted English-language training programs for newcomers, particularly the Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC) programme. These cuts have resulted in many federally funded English-language training programmes experiencing closures due to funding cuts. Layoffs: Funding reductions have led to layoffs and fewer classes available for newcomers.
The cuts have made it more difficult for newcomers to access language learning programmes essential for work and life in Canada.
The affected programmes are primarily those focused on:- *Employment Skills*: Programmes aimed at building employment skills and preparing learners for higher education are expected to receive significant cuts.
- *Newcomer Support*: The LINC programme, which serves roughly 50,000-60,000 learners per year, is at risk due to funding cuts.
*Impact on English Graduates:*
- *Limited Job Prospects*: English literature graduates often face limited job prospects, with many roles requiring specialized skills or further education.
- *Career Paths*: While English literature graduates can pursue various careers, including writing, editing, and teaching, the field is highly competitive.
Impact on literature and its future: Cuts to English departments and creative writing programmes limit opportunities for students and emerging writers.
The lack of exposure to latest technology and use of obsolete curriculum handicap the young English graduate.
The decline of English programmes can lead to a loss of literary heritage and cultural significance.
Effect on English Departments:
- *Course Closures*: Universities are closing or reducing creative writing and journalism programmes, limiting opportunities for students.
- *Staff Redundancies*: Many universities are implementing redundancy programmes, affecting arts faculties and departments.
*Journalism Industry Trends:* Shift to Subscription Models*: Publishers are focusing on subscription-based models, with 79% prioritizing this revenue stream.
- *Increased Regulation*: Governments are implementing regulations to support journalism, such as the EU's Digital Markets Act and the UK's Online Safety Bill.
Growing Importance of Digital Skills
Journalism programmes are incorporating digital tools and data journalism to prepare students for the changing industry.
Effect of the Digital Age on the Book
The future of the book in a digital world is a topic of ongoing debate. Here are some reported potential trends and implications:
- *Coexistence of Formats*: Print and digital books will likely coexist, catering to different reader preferences and needs.
- *Evolution of Reading Habits*: Digital platforms and e-readers have changed the way people consume books, with some readers preferring the convenience and accessibility of digital formats.
- *Audiobooks and Podcasts*: Audio content is becoming increasingly popular, offering an alternative way to experience stories and information.
- *Enhanced Digital Experiences*: Digital books can include interactive features, multimedia content, and social sharing capabilities, enhancing the reading experience.
- *Preservation and Accessibility*: Digital books can be easily preserved and made accessible to a wider audience, including those with disabilities.
- *Challenges and Concerns*: The shift to digital raises concerns about copyright, ownership, and the long-term preservation of digital content.
Overall, the future of the book will likely involve a blend of traditional and digital formats, with ongoing innovations and adaptations to meet changing reader needs and preferences.
That is for the book. What about the reading culture? Reading habits are shifting. According to the National Literacy Trust's 2025 report, only 1 in 3 children and young people aged 8 to 18 enjoy reading, which is the lowest level since 2005. However, libraries are adapting to these changes. *Key Trends: *Increased Digital Usage*: A survey by the American Library Association found that 54% of Gen Z and Millennials visited a physical library within a 12-month period, while 52% borrowed digital content. This indicates a growing demand for digital materials.
- *Preference for Print*: Despite the rise of digital content, 32% of Americans still prefer reading only print books. Meanwhile, 33% of people read in both print and digital formats. In Nigeria, while hard copy books are losing readers rapidly, reading is booming online.
- *Hybrid Approach*: To improve reading habits, libraries are adopting a flexible, hybrid approach to cater to different reader preferences. This includes offering both physical and digital collections, as well as other services like coding clubs, job application help, and gaming.
- *Accessibility*: Digital books provide critical tools like magnification and text-to-speech features, making them more accessible to patrons with disabilities
*Impact on Libraries:* - *Changing Role*: Libraries are evolving beyond just book repositories. They're becoming community hubs that offer various services, programs, and resources.
- *Budget Allocation*: Some libraries are reallocating their budgets to accommodate the growing demand for digital content. However, this shift is complicated by expensive and restrictive digital licences.
Ultimately, while reading habits are changing, libraries are adapting to meet the evolving needs of their patrons.
Implications for English Departments and English Graduates
To navigate this, English graduates have a wide range of career options across various industries and trainings to undergo. Here are some potential career paths:
*Creative Fields* *Content Writer*: Create engaging content for websites, blogs, social media, and marketing materials. Salary range: ₹3 LPA – ₹6 LPA in India.
- *Copywriter*: Craft persuasive text for advertisements, websites, emails, and brochures. Average salary: $57,379 per year.
- *Script Writer*: Develop scripts for films, television shows, commercials, and online videos.
- *Journalist*: Gather, investigate, and report on news and current events. Average salary range: ₹3 LPA – ₹6 LPA in India.
*Education and Research* Teacher/Lecturer*: Educate students on language and literature in schools, colleges, and universities.
- *Academic Researcher*: Conduct research and publish papers in academic journals. Requires a Master's or PhD in English or related field.
*Corporate and Communications* - *Public Relations Specialist*: Manage public image and reputation of organizations or individuals. Average salary: $61,860 – $69,170 per year.
- *Corporate Communications Manager*: Develop and execute communication strategies for companies. Average salary: $116,308 per year.
- *Marketing Manager/Director*: Oversee marketing activities and develop strategies to promote products or services. Average salary: $135,030 per year.
*Other Options*
- *Editor/Proofreader*: Refine written content for publications, websites, and companies. Can work freelance or in-house.
- *Technical Writer*: Create instructional manuals and guides for complex products or processes. Average salary: $85,831 per year.
- *UX Writer*: Craft user-focused content for websites, mobile apps, and programs.
- *Social Media Manager*: Develop and implement social media strategies for companies.
English graduates can be translators too. But that requires learning other languages, meaning that English literature should be studied with another language.
The New English Graduate
English graduates can benefit from acquiring additional skills to enhance their employability. Some valuable skills include:
- *Digital skills*: Proficiency in digital tools, software, and platforms can make English graduates more attractive to potential employers.
- *Data analysis*: Understanding data analysis and interpretation can be useful in various industries, including marketing, publishing, and education.
- *Communication and presentation*: Developing strong communication and presentation skills can help English graduates excel in roles like public relations, marketing, and teaching.
- *Content creation*: Skills in content creation, such as writing, video production, and graphic design, can be valuable in industries like marketing, publishing, and media.
- *Project management*: Understanding project management principles can help English graduates manage projects and teams effectively.
- *Coding and web development*: Acquiring coding skills can open up opportunities in tech-related fields, such as UX writing, content management, and web development.
- *Social media management*: Knowledge of social media platforms and strategies can be beneficial in roles like marketing, public relations, and content creation.
By acquiring these skills, English graduates can increase their versatility and competitiveness in the job market.
Beyond this, English graduates can explore various career paths globally, thanks to the increasing prevalence of English as a global language. Here are some areas where English graduates can leverage their skills:
*Teaching English Abroad* - Countries like China, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, and Spain offer opportunities for English teachers. Typically requires a TEFL certification, which can be obtained through a crash course- Average salary ranges from $1,100 to $3,000 per month.
*Writing and Content Creation*- Freelance writing gigs, editing work, and ghostwriting projects are available remotely. Average salary is around £28,000 per year or $35,000 USD- Content creation, copywriting, and technical writing are in-demand skills.
*Hospitality and Tourism*- Hospitality jobs are plentiful and often don't require local language skills. Average salary varies depending on the job role, but national minimum hourly rates apply.
Opportunities exist in hotels, restaurants, and tour operations. *Customer Service and Sales*- Many companies hire English-speaking customer service agents and sales representatives. Average salary ranges from £22,000 to £69,403 per year.
-Remote work options are available *Digital Careers* Coding and web development are in-demand skills that can be done remotely. Average salary ranges from £50,000 to £60,000 per year. Digital marketing and UX writing are also viable options.
*Other Opportunities*- Au pair positions, farm work, and research assistant roles are available. Average salaries vary, but often include accommodation and meals. Working holiday visas and graduate programmes can facilitate these opportunities.
*Countries with Opportunities for English Graduates*
- *Australia*: Strong job market in sectors like mining, healthcare, and IT
- *Canada*: Robust economy with opportunities in tech, healthcare, and engineering
- *Germany*: Numerous opportunities in engineering, manufacturing, and IT
- *United Kingdom*: Diverse job market with opportunities in finance, tech, and more
- *Ireland*: Booming tech ecosystem with companies like Google and Meta
- *Netherlands*: Opportunities in research, academia, and tech
- *Denmark*: Trainee positions and research opportunities available
These countries offer various visa options, including post-study work visas and graduate programmes, to help English graduates transition into the workforce.
That means the new English graduate of today needs to acquire information technology skills. The departments must change their curriculum to reflect these new realities. Therefore, acquiring information technology skills is crucial for English graduates to stay competitive in the job market. Here are some key skills and areas of focus:
*Essential Skills:- *Digital Marketing*: Understanding SEO, content marketing, and social media strategy can equip English majors with the skills needed to thrive in this domain.
- *Data Analysis*: Familiarity with tools like Google Analytics, SEMrush, or HubSpot is beneficial for measuring content performance and making informed decisions.
- *Technical Writing*: Proficiency in digital tools and platforms, such as content management systems, social media platforms, and analytics tools, is increasingly important.
- *UX Writing*: Creating user-friendly content for digital products requires a fundamental understanding of web design and user behavior.
- *Coding and Web Development*: Knowledge of HTML, CSS, and content management systems can be beneficial for English graduates.
*Career Opportunities: *Content Strategist*: Plan, create, and manage digital content, with average salaries ranging from $85,000 to over $120,000.
- *Digital Marketing Specialist*: Craft engaging content, implement SEO strategies, and analyze campaign performance metrics, with average salaries ranging from $60,000 to over $100,000.
- *Technical Writer*: Create clear, concise documentation for complex products or services, with median salaries around $74,650.
- *UX Writer*: Design words behind digital experiences, with median salaries ranging from $118,555 for experienced writers.
Curriculum Changes a Must
English departments should consider incorporating courses that focus on:
- *Digital literacy*: Understanding digital tools, platforms, and analytics.
- *Data analysis*: Interpreting trends and making data-driven decisions.
- *Technical communication*: Creating user-friendly content for digital products.
- *UX design*: Understanding user behaviour and designing intuitive interfaces.
By acquiring these skills and adapting to the changing job market, English graduates can increase their employability and pursue lucrative careers in various industries ¹.
To stay relevant and equip students with the necessary skills, English departments can collaborate with:
- *Computer Science/Information Technology*: To develop digital literacy, coding skills, and understanding of digital tools.
- *Communication/Journalism*: To enhance writing, storytelling, and content creation skills.
- *Marketing/Business*: To understand digital marketing, branding, and content strategy.
- *Design/UX*: To learn about user experience, user interface design, and visual communication.
- *Media/Arts*: To explore multimedia storytelling, digital media production, and creative industries.
Interdisciplinary collaborations can help English departments:
- *Develop new courses*: Integrating digital skills, technical writing, and content strategy.
- *Enhance existing courses*: Incorporating digital tools, analytics, and industry insights.
- *Provide hands-on experience*: Through projects, internships, and collaborations with industry partners.
- *Foster innovation*: By combining English studies with emerging technologies and trends.
By working together with new technologies, English departments can prepare students for the evolving job market and provide them with a competitive edge.
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